About:
A freshwater snail is one kind of freshwater mollusc, the other kind being freshwater clams and mussels, i.e. freshwater bivalves. Specifically a freshwater snail is a gastropod that lives in a watery non-marine (freshwater) habitat. The majority of freshwater gastropods have a shell, with very few exceptions. Some groups of snails that live in freshwater respire using gills, whereas other groups need to reach the surface to breathe air.
According to present classification efforts, there are about 4,000 species of freshwater gastropods (3,795-3,972).[1]
At least 33–38 independent lineages of gastropods have successfully colonized freshwater environments.[2] It is not possible to quantify the exact number of these lineages yet, because they have yet to be clarified within the Cerithioidea.[2] From six to eight of these independent lineages occur in North America.[3]
2005 taxonomy[edit]
The following cladogram is an overview of the main clades of gastropods based on the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi(2005),[4] with families that contain freshwater species marked in boldface:[1] (Some of the highlighted families consist entirely of freshwater species, but some of them also contain, or even mainly consist of, marine species.)
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2010 taxonomy[edit]
The following cladogram is an overview of the main clades of gastropods based on the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005),[4] modified after Jörger et al. (2010)[5]and simplified with families that contain freshwater species marked in boldface:[1] (Marine gastropods (Siphonarioidea, Sacoglossa, Amphiboloidea, Pyramidelloidea) are not depicted within Panpulmonata for simplification. Some of these highlighted families consist entirely of freshwater species, but some of them also contain, or even mainly consist of, marine species.)
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Neritimorpha[edit]
Primitive "Prosobranch" gilled snails with a shelly operculum.
- Neritiliidae, 5 extant freshwater species[1]
- Neritidae, largely confined to the tropics, also the rivers of Europe, family includes the marine "nerites".[6] There are about 110 extant freshwater species.[1]
Caenogastropoda[edit]
A large group of gilled operculate snails, largely marine. In freshwater habitats there are ten major families, as well as other families of lesser importance:
- Architaenioglossa
- Ampullariidae, an exclusively freshwater family that is largely tropical and includes the large "apple snails" kept in aquaria.[6] 105-170 species.[1]
- Viviparidae, medium to large snails, live-bearing, commonly referred to as "mystery snails". World wide except South America, and everywhere confined to fresh waters.[6] 125-150 species.[1]
- Sorbeoconcha
- Melanopsidae, family native to rivers draining to the Mediterranean, also Middle East, and some South Pacific islands.[6] About 25-50 species.[1]
- Pachychilidae - 165-225 species.[1] native to South and Central America. Formerly included with the Pleuroceridae by many authors.
- Paludomidae - about 100 species in south Asia, diverse in African Lakes, and Sri Lanka.[1] Formerly classified with the Pleuroceridae by some authors.
- Pleuroceridae, abundant and diverse in eastern North America, largely high-spired snails of small to large size.[6] About 150 species.[2]
- Semisulcospiridae, - primarily eastern Asia, Japan, also the Juga snails of northwestern North America. Formerly included with the Pleuroceridae. About 50 species.[2]
- Thiaridae, high-spired parthenogenic snails of the tropics, includes those referred to as "trumpet snails" in aquaria.[6] About 110 species.[2]
- Littorinimorpha
- Littorinidae - 2 species in the genus Cremnoconchus are freshwater living in waterfalls.[1] Other species are marine.
- Amnicolidae - about 200 species.[1]
- Assimineidae - about 20 freshwater species,[1] other are marine
- Bithyniidae, small snails, native to Eastern Hemisphere.[6] About 130 species.[1]
- Cochliopidae - 246 species.[1]
- Helicostoidae, the only species Helicostoa sinensis lives in China.[1]
- Hydrobiidae, small to very small snails found world wide.[6] About 1250 freshwater species[1] other are marine.
- Lithoglyphidae - about 100 species.[1]
- Moitessieriidae - 55 species.[1]
- Pomatiopsidae, small amphibious snails scattered worldwide, most diverse in eastern and Southeast Asia.[6] About 170 species.[1]
- Stenothyridae - about 60 freshwater species,[1] others are marine.
- Neogastropoda
- Buccinidae - 8-10 freshwater species in the genus Clea,[1] native to Southeast Asia. Other Buccinidae are marine.
- Marginellidae - 2 freshwater species in the genus Rivomarginella,[1] native to Southeast Asia. Other Marginellidae are marine.
Heterobranchia[edit]
- Lower Heterobranchia
- Glacidorbidae - 20 species.[1]
- Valvatidae, small low-spired snails referred to as "valve snails". 71 species.[1]
- Acochlidiidae (including synonym Strubelliidae) - 5 shell-less species:[1] Acochlidium amboinense, Acochlidium bayerfehlmanni,Acochlidium fijiiensis, Palliohedyle sutteri and Strubellia paradoxa[7]
- Tantulidae - there is only one species[1] which is shell-less Tantulum elegans.
- Pulmonata, Basommatophora
Basommatophorans are pulmonate or air-breathing aquatic snails, characterized by having their eyes located at the base of their tentacles, rather than at the tips, as in the true land snails Stylommatophora. The majority of basommatophorans have shells that are thin, translucent, and relatively colorless, and all five freshwater basommatophoran families lack an operculum.
- Chilinidae, small to medium-sized snails confined to temperate and cold South America.[6] About 15 species.[1]
- Latiidae, small limpet-like snails confined to New Zealand.[6] One[1] or three species.
- Acroloxidae - about 40 species.[1]
- Lymnaeidae, found worldwide, but are most numerous in temperate and northern regions.[6] These are the dextral (right-handed) pond snails. About 100 species.
- Planorbidae, "rams horn" snails, with a worldwide distribution.[6] About 250 species.[1]
- Physidae, left-handed (sinistral) "pouch snails", native to Europe, Asia, North America.[6] About 80 species.[1]
As human food[edit]
Several different freshwater snail species are eaten in Asian cuisine.
Archaeological investigations in Guatemala have revealed that the diet of the Maya of the Classic Period (AD 250-900) included freshwater snails.[8]
Aquarium snails[edit]
In the developed world, people encounter freshwater snails most commonly in aquaria along with tropical fish. Species available vary in different parts of the world. In the United States, commonly available species include ramshorn snails such as Planorbella duryi, apple snails such as Pomacea bridgesii, the high-spired thiaridmalaysian trumpet snail Melanoides tuberculata, and several Neritina species.
Parasitology[edit]
Freshwater snails are widely known to be hosts in the lifecycles of a variety of human and animal parasites, particularlytrematodes or "flukes". Some of these relations for prosobranch snails include Oncomelania in the family Pomatiopsidae as hosts of Schistosoma, and Bithynia, Parafossarulus and Amnicola as hosts of Opisthorchis.[9] Thiara and Semisulcospiramay host Paragonimus.[9] Juga plicifera may host Nanophyetus salmincola.[10] Basommatophoran snails are even more widely infected, with many Biomphalaria (Planorbidae) serving as hosts for Schistosoma mansoni, Fasciolopsis and other parasitic groups.[9] The tiny Bulinus snails are hosts for Schistosoma haematobium.[9] Lymnaeid snails (Lymnaeidae) serve as hosts for Fasciola and the cerceriae causing swimmer's itch.[9] The term “neglected tropical diseases” applies to all snail-borne infections, including schistosomiasis, fascioliasis, fasciolopsiasis, paragonimiasis, opisthorchiasis, clonorchiasis, andangiostrongyliasis.[11]
No comments:
Post a Comment